Ⅵ. the period of the Returned Volunteers

　　In the second year of Dazhong, Zhang Zhichao led an uprising, expelled the Tubo and established a Han-dominated regime in Dunhuang. In the fifth year of Dazhong (851), the Tang Dynasty appointed Zhang Zhichao as the governor of the Quayi Army, and set up the Quayi Army regime in Dunhuang. From then on, until the Song Renzong Jingyou three years (1036) Western Xia destroyed the Quayi Army, in addition to Zhang Chengfeng once established the Western Han Jinshan State and Dunhuang State, Gua and Sha Quayi Army regime under the rule of Zhang, Cao and two major families, a total of more than 180 years.
　　Zhang Zhichao was a native of Shazhou, and his father, Zhang Qianyi, was a minister in the Ministry of Public Works. Born during the occupation of Dunhuang by the Tubo people, he experienced the brutal rule of the Tubo people, and therefore worried about the country and the people in his youth. In the 10th year of Emperor Xianzong's reign (815), at the age of 17, he copied down a song called "Song of the Nameless" to express his dissatisfaction with the rule of the Tubo and his sympathy for the Tubo people. In the second year of Huichang of Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty (842), the assassination of Zangpu Lang Damo of the Tubo Dynasty led to civil unrest in the Tubo royal court, and an uprising among the slaves and civilians in the Tubo headquarters. Tubo original Luo Menchuan to discuss make Shang fear hot rampage in the west of the river, "the big plunder of the west of the river Shanshan, the contour and so on eight states, kill their strong, wakes and amputate their old and women, with a long lance across the baby for the game, burn their rooms and huts, five thousand miles, bare land is exhausted". Shang Dinhuang hot atrocities stirred up the great indignation of the people in the west of the river, but also make his subordinates centrifugal separation, coupled with the Tubo domestic disaster, the river, Long all over the Tubo military defense is empty. At this time the Tang dynasty is also determined to recover Huangshuang, and continue to achieve victory. Zhang Zhichao take this opportunity, "on the military sword, contains the study of martial arts scripture, get Sun Wu, Bai Qi's essence, see Tao Inscription of the bone marrow. ...... knew that Tubo's luck was over, and he swore to return to his country, with no doubt in his mind", and finally raised the flag of righteousness.
　　Zhang Zhichao widely organized and united various forces in Shazhou, with his backbone mainly coming from the three aspects of Dunhuang's prestigious clans, the head of the Shimen sect and monks, and the heroes and righteous people; he gathered all the people together to "raise troops" and launch the uprising. Dazhong two years (848), after a bloody battle, Zhang Zhichao rebels recovered Shazhou. So immediately titled paper repair table, sent into Chang'an, such as the high into the report, the Tang Emperor Xuanzong heard the news, sighed with emotion, "Guanxi out of the general, is not false also". At that time, the other areas of the western part of the river is still in the hands of the tomatoes, so in order to report success to the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Zhichao sent a total of ten teams of emissaries with the table to Chang'an, and only take the northeastern road of a mission in the Tende army defense with the help of Li Pi in the fourth year of the Dazhong Beijing. By the fifth year of Dazhong, Zhang Zhichao recovered Su, Gan, Yi and other states, and sent his brother Zhang Zhitan and 29 others to Chang'an with eleven states to report the success of the map; thus, in addition to Liangzhou, the Hexi region, which had been trapped in the hands of the tomatoes for nearly a hundred years, was restored to the Tang Dynasty.
　　In November of the fifth year of Dazhong, the Tang Dynasty set up the Returning Righteousness Army in Shazhou, which was in charge of the eleven states of Guasha, and authorized Zhang Zhichao to be the Festival Minister of the Returning Righteousness Army and the Observation Minister of the eleven states. In August of the 12th year of Dazhong, Zhang Zhichao conquered Liangzhou in the east, and in the 2nd year of Xiantong, Liangzhou was recovered. Xiantong four years, the Tang dynasty reset Liangzhou Festival Minister, by Zhang Zhichao also lead. From then on, the Hexi Corridor and unimpeded. But at this time the Tang dynasty's national strength is declining, and can not be effective jurisdiction and management of the West River, the West River and face the threat of Tubo, migratory birds and other parts of the West River, so that the management of the heavy responsibility of the West River fell on the shoulders of Zhang Zhichao. After a long struggle, to salty seven years (866) October, Heshi area finally west of the end of Iwu, east of Lingwu, more than 4,000 miles of land, the household of millions of families, six counties and rivers, just like a return. Xiantong eight years, Zhang Zhichao "bundle body back to Que", stay in the capital, Xiantong thirteen years died in Changan.
　　Zhang Zhichao into the dynasty, his nephew Zhang Huaishen take charge of the affairs of the return of righteousness army in the west of the river, but the Tang dynasty does not give the Huaishen Festival Festival, at this time, the westward migratory migratory migratory birds infestation of Gan, Su, and even Guazhou. In the third year of Qianfu (876), the migratory birds in the western part of the country captured Yizhou. Zhang Huaishen repeatedly sent to the Tang Dynasty to ask for an honorary title, but failed to do so. In the second three years of the Guangqi era (887), Zhang Huaishen sent three groups of emissaries to Tang Dynasty to ask for the award of honors, but the Tang Dynasty refused to do so, which aroused dissatisfaction with Zhang Huaishen within Guasha. In October of the first year of the Wende reign (888), the Tang dynasty finally granted Zhang Huai Shen the honor of being the governor of the Quayi Army, but the conflict within the Quayi Army had already intensified. In the first year of Dashun (890), Zhang Huaishen, his wife and six sons were killed at the same time. Zhang Huaishen's uncle and brother, Zhang Huaiding, succeeded him, but in the third year of Dashun, he died and entrusted his orphaned son, Zhang Chengfeng, to Suoxun. Suo Xun established himself as the governor of the Quayi Army and was recognized by the Tang Dynasty. In the first year of Qianning (894), Zhang Zhichao's daughter, Li Mingzhen's wife Zhang, led her sons to destroy Suo Xun and set up her nephew Zhang Chengfeng as the governor, while Li's three sons became the assassins of Gua, Sha, and Gan states, and took charge of the real power of the army of the Returned Righteousness. By the end of 895, the Li family had reached its peak, and sidelined Zhang Chengfeng and monopolized the power of the army. The behavior of the Li family aroused the opposition of some Guasha clans, and a coup d'état against Li and against Zhang took place in Shazhou. In the third year of Qianning, Zhang Chengfeng seized the real power of the Quayi Army and became the deputy envoy of the Quayi Army, but at this time, due to the internal turmoil of the Quayi Army, the jurisdiction of the Quayi Army had shrunk to the Gua and Sha states. In August of the third year of Guanghua (900), the Tang dynasty awarded Zhang Chengfeng the honorary title of the Quayi Army, and diplomacy with the state of Ütepe was also successful.
　　In the seventh year of Tianfu (907), after learning of the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Chengfeng proclaimed himself Emperor Baiyi and established the Western Hanjinshan Kingdom. West" refers to the location of his country, which is coordinated by China; "Han" is the attribute of his country's ethnicity; "Western Han" is used in conjunction with "Jinshan", meaning the country of the Han people in the west. "Jinshan" is also known as the Golden Saddle Mountain, in the southwest of Dunhuang, that is, now Gan, Qing, the junction of the three provinces of the Arjinshan Mountain. Jinshan country although enterprising, want to regain the lost land, but in the war was repeatedly defeated. Jinshan country established in the year, the migratory birds many times on its blow, trying to kill Jinshan country in the cradle. Once, the eastern border of Dunhuang defense were broken, the migratory bird army drove straight into the east of Dunhuang City, camped and set up shop. Jinshan State Son of God personally armor on the battlefield, the famous generals Yin Rengui, Song Zhongcheng, Zhang Sheren, etc. to fight, only to the invasion of migratory birds back to Ganzhou. 911 years, migratory birds attack Jinshan State, Jinshan State due to successive wars in the country's power is declining, had to set up an alliance with the migratory birds: migratory birds are the father of the Khan, the Jinshan State Son of God is the son of the. From then on, Zhang Chengfeng was forced to cancel the "Western Han Jinshan State" state name and "Shengwen Shenwu Baidi", "Son of Heaven" number, and in the Ganshu migratory birds under the grace, condescending to downgrade and rebuilt as a vassal county Dunhuang State. Zhang Chengfeng's submission to the migratory birds caused him to lose his prestige in the Guasha region.
　　In 914, Cao Zhijin (also known as Cao Rengui) replaced Zhang Chengfeng and abolished the Jinshan State, removing the king's title and still calling it the Guiyi Junjiedu (归义军节度使). Cao Zhijin sent a mission to Ganzhou, married a migratory migratory khan daughter, and married a daughter to the migratory migratory khan of Ganzhou, and made peace with him. In the fourth year of Zhengming's reign (918), he was sent to Houliang and was honored with a grant. Tongguang three years (925), taking the opportunity of the alternation of migratory khan in Ganzhou, the conquest, so that it yielded. The newly-established migratory bird Khan married Cao Zhijin's daughter and became Cao Zhijin's son-in-law. Due to Cao Zhijin's proper handling of internal and external relations, the strength of the Huiyi Army was restored at this time. Changxing two years (931), Cao Zhijin called "your father", "top west king", the return of the army became an independent kingdom. 934, Cao Zhijin daughter married Ütepe king Li Shengtian.
　　In the second year of Qingtai (935), Cao Zhijin died, and his son Cao Yuande succeeded to the throne. Shazhou's envoys to the Central Plains were robbed in Ganzhou, and the relationship between the Returned Righteous Army and the Ganzhou migratory birds broke down. In the fourth year of Tianfu (939), Cao Yuande died and his younger brother Cao Yuanshen succeeded to the throne. Cao Zhijin's wife, the wife of a migratory migrant, held the real power of the army and was called the "mother of the nation". Shazhou ambassadors then sent a delegation of Jin to enthrone the King of Ütepe to the imperial court, and made peace with the migratory birds in Ganzhou.
　　In the ninth year of Tianfu (944), Cao Yuanshen died and his younger brother Cao Yuanzhong assumed the throne. Cao Yuanzhong was the longest-ruling of the Quayi Army's provincial ministers, and also enjoyed a period of cultural prosperity. Cao Yuanzhong actively developed relations with neighboring ethnic groups and maintained ties with the Later Jin, Later Han, Later Zhou, and Northern Song in the Central Plains, which allowed the Guazhou region to stabilize and develop. In the third year of Kaibao (970), when war broke out between Ü-Tsang and the Heihan dynasty, which practiced Islam, the king of Ü-Tsang wrote a letter to the Guaizhu army asking for help. In the seventh year of Kaibao (974), Cao Yuanzhong died, and his nephew Cao Yanguang assumed the throne. In the ninth year (976), Cao Yanguang died and his younger brother Cao Yanlu took the throne. After Cao Yuanzhong, the Returning Righteousness Army regime began to gradually decline. The two migratory forces in the east and west continued to invade Dunhuang, and conflicts arose within the jurisdiction of the Quayi Army. In the fifth year of Xianping (1002), the Guasha soldiers and civilians were dissatisfied with Cao Yanlu's rule and besieged the military residence. Cao Yanlu and his younger brother Yanrui committed suicide, and his son Cao Zongshou assumed the throne. The Song Dynasty recognized Cao Zongshou, and at this time, the Quayi Army began to communicate with the Liao Dynasty. In the seventh year of Dazhongxiangfu (1014), Cao Zongshou died, and his son Cao Xianshun assumed the throne; in 1036, the Western Xia captured Shazhou, and the Quayi Army regime was basically over.
　　The internal affairs of the Quayi Jun regime were mainly to restore or change the old system. After the establishment of the Quiyijun regime, the tribal and general system of the Tubo period was canceled, and the pre-Tang state county and township system was restored and rebuilt. At the beginning of the restoration of 10 townships, in addition to the emergence of a new Chi Xin Township, a total of 11 townships, namely, Dunhuang Township, Mogao Township, Shensha Township, Pingkang Township, Longle Township, Yuguan Township, Hong Chi Township, Hong Leun Township, Effect Valley Township, Chi Xin Township, Ci Hui Township. This is only the basic situation of the Dunhuang townships before the return of the army, in fact, the establishment of Dunhuang County townships in this period to be more complex. Thereafter, there were also the Tong Cheek Township and the Retreating Hun Township. In terms of the land system, at the beginning of the Quayi Army's regime, they began to survey the population and land, and distributed unowned wasteland to restore the Tang system as much as possible. After the middle of Tang Dynasty, private land ownership developed rapidly. During the Quayi Army period, private land included land occupied by bureaucratic landlords, temple fields and private fields of small farmers. The development of private land was mainly realized through two ways: invitation to shoot and buying and selling. In addition, land owners at this time could arbitrarily exchange land among themselves. As for the tax system, on the basis of re-registering the population and adjusting the land, the Quayi regime also developed a new tax system, namely, the system of taxing according to the land, which mainly consisted of three items, namely, the land, the official cloth and the firewood. These internal ruling policies reflected the common characteristics of the Tang and Song dynasties at that time, and also had their own characteristics of the Quayi Army regime.